Longevity & markers.
Longevity is the hardest category to grade: endpoints are decades-long. We surface mechanistic and biomarker evidence and label the rest honestly.
How this class moves the outcome.
Telomere / chromatin signalling
Epitalon is studied for telomerase modulation in cell culture; translation to organism-level lifespan in humans is unestablished.
Immune system maintenance
Thymic peptides (thymosin-α1, thymulin) modulate T-cell function — relevant to immunosenescence with age.
Connective-tissue / skin signalling
GHK-Cu drives collagen and elastin gene expression — the most-studied 'visible aging' mechanism in this set.
Ranked by human-evidence strength.
- 01
Epitalon
EpithalonRussian synthetic pineal-gland tetrapeptide. Marketed for longevity; evidence largely Russian/in-house.
Pineal tetrapeptidet½ ShortPreclinical only - 02
GHK-Cu
Copper Tripeptide-1Naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide. Topical use studied for skin remodelling; injectable use is anecdotal.
Copper-binding tripeptidet½ Short (minutes, plasma)Human observational - 03
Thymulin
FTSZinc-bound thymic peptide with immunomodulatory and analgesic properties in animal models.
Zinc-dependent thymic peptidet½ ShortPreclinical only - 04
Thymosin α1
ZadaxinThymic-origin peptide marketed as Zadaxin in 30+ countries (not US) for chronic hepatitis B/C and as adjuvant.
Thymic peptide (28-aa)t½ ~2 hHuman RCT
What the human data actually shows.
Each bar is the proportion of candidates on this brief at that evidence tier. RCT first, observational second, preclinical and anecdotal labeled and never inflated.
See full methodology →Indexed human trials and reviews driving the candidate rankings above. Sorted by study type, then recency.
- moderatePickart L, Margolina APreclinical2018unreviewed
- moderatePickart L, Margolina A
GHK-Cu upregulates collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and antioxidant enzymes in human dermal fibroblasts; clinical topical studies show improved skin density and reduced photodamage.
Preclinical2015unreviewed - moderate
Where this class can hurt you.
- Most clinical literature is small-N, single-group, and decades old.
- Biomarker improvement does not guarantee clinical longevity benefit.
- Long-term combination use with other immunomodulators is under-studied.
- No human trial reads out on hard mortality endpoints for any of these.
- Biomarker improvement does not guarantee clinical longevity benefit.
Decide between candidates.
Put the top 4 candidates side by side.
Mechanism · half-life · routes · evidence tier · safety signals. A decision matrix, not a leaderboard.
Current scientific consensus.
- Topical skin / collagen outcomes (GHK-Cu)
- Direct lifespan extension
- Biological-age reversal
- Whether biomarker change translates to clinical longevity
- Optimal cycling / duration
"An honest 'too early' category. The most credible wins are cosmetic and immune-marker. Lifespan claims are not supported."
Where this is heading.
An honest 'too early' category. The most credible wins are cosmetic and immune-marker. Lifespan claims are not supported.
We re-grade this brief quarterly. Confidence and outcome grades shift as new RCTs publish, safety data accumulates, and replication efforts read out. Changes are logged publicly on the evidence changelog.
Matched protocol templates.
Matching templates…