Weight loss.
GLP-1 and dual-agonist incretins have the strongest human RCT evidence of any class on this index for weight reduction, appetite suppression, and glycemic control. Compounded routes carry separate quality and regulatory considerations.
How this class moves the outcome.
Incretin receptor agonism
GLP-1 (and GIP / glucagon on dual / tri-agonists) slow gastric emptying, suppress appetite centrally, and improve glycemic control — the dominant weight-reduction pathway in this class.
Central appetite regulation
Direct hypothalamic action on satiety circuits reduces caloric intake independent of conscious restraint — the mechanism most users actually feel.
Energy expenditure (dual / tri-agonists)
Glucagon-arm agonism on newer compounds (retatrutide) adds a modest thermogenic component on top of intake suppression.
Ranked by human-evidence strength.
- 01
Tirzepatide
MounjaroDual incretin receptor agonist with larger weight reduction than semaglutide in head-to-head trials.
GIP / GLP-1 dual agonistt½ ~5 daysHuman RCT - 02
Semaglutide
OzempicLong-acting GLP-1 analogue approved for type-2 diabetes and chronic weight management. The most rigorously studied peptide on this index.
GLP-1 receptor agonistt½ ~7 daysHuman RCT - 03
Retatrutide
LY3437943Triple-receptor agonist in late-stage trials with ~24% mean weight loss at 48 weeks. Not yet approved.
GIP / GLP-1 / glucagon triple agonistt½ ~6 daysHuman RCT - 04
Liraglutide
SaxendaDaily GLP-1 analogue, first-in-class for chronic weight management. Older and shorter-acting than semaglutide.
GLP-1 receptor agonistt½ ~13 hHuman RCT - 05
Cagrilintide
AM833Long-acting amylin analogue investigated alone and combined with semaglutide (CagriSema) for weight loss.
Amylin analoguet½ ~7 daysHuman RCT
What the human data actually shows.
Each bar is the proportion of candidates on this brief at that evidence tier. RCT first, observational second, preclinical and anecdotal labeled and never inflated.
See full methodology →Indexed human trials and reviews driving the candidate rankings above. Sorted by study type, then recency.
- strongMalhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al.
AHI -25 events/hr and ~18% weight loss vs placebo at 52 weeks.
RCTn=4692024unreviewed - strongLincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al.
Semaglutide 2.4 mg/wk reduced MACE 20% (HR 0.80) over mean 39.8 mo in overweight/obese with prior CVD without diabetes.
RCTn=17,6042023unreviewed - moderateHeise T, DeVries JH, Urva S, et al.
Tirzepatide significantly reduced energy intake and increased satiety vs sema and placebo over 28d in T2D.
RCTn=1172023unreviewed - strongJastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al.
-24.2% with retatrutide 12 mg/wk vs -2.1% placebo at 48 wk.
RCTn=3382023unreviewed - strongRosenstock J, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al.
HbA1c -up to 2.16%; weight -up to 16.94% vs placebo at 36 wk.
RCTn=2812023unreviewed - moderateJastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al.
Dose-dependent weight reductions over 48 wk consistent with sustained energy-intake reductions; dedicated ad-libitum study not yet published.
RCTn=3382023unreviewed
Where this class can hurt you.
- GI side effects (nausea, vomiting, constipation) — dose-titration dependent.
- Rare but documented pancreatitis and gallbladder events.
- Lean-mass loss without resistance training — body composition is a separate goal.
- Compounded products carry sterility, identity, and dosing-accuracy risk distinct from the approved medicine.
- Long-term (>5 year) safety data is still accumulating for newer dual / tri-agonists.
- Body composition (lean-mass preservation, recomp) is its own goal — GLP-1 is not the primary lever there.
- Off-label compounded products are not equivalent to regulator-approved medicine.
Decide between candidates.
Put the top 4 candidates side by side.
Mechanism · half-life · routes · evidence tier · safety signals. A decision matrix, not a leaderboard.
Current scientific consensus.
- Weight reduction at 52 weeks
- HbA1c reduction
- Reduced cardiovascular events (semaglutide)
- Lean-mass-only loss
- Permanent metabolic 'reset' off-drug
- Multi-decade safety
- Optimal off-ramp protocol
- Pediatric long-term outcomes
"The most robust therapeutic class on this index. Mature for adult metabolic disease; durability and discontinuation strategy remain open."
Where this is heading.
The most robust therapeutic class on this index. Mature for adult metabolic disease; durability and discontinuation strategy remain open.
We re-grade this brief quarterly. Confidence and outcome grades shift as new RCTs publish, safety data accumulates, and replication efforts read out. Changes are logged publicly on the evidence changelog.
Matched protocol templates.
Matching templates…